نشریه تولید گیاهان روغنی
سال یکم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1393)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the yield and agronomic traits of commercial soybean genotypes and introduce the genotypes that are compatible with higher yield potential for both spring and summer cultivation seasons. This study was carried out in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks with three replications during two cropping years، 2008-2009 and 2009-2010، in the field of agricultural and natural resources research center of Moghan. The main plot was the cultivation date in two levels of summer and spring cultivation and the subplot was 14 cultivars of soybean including Sahar، Linford، Hobbit × Williams، Davis× Williams، 032، DPX، Ronack، JK، BP، 033، Clarck،Williams، Zan and L17. A combined analysis of the grain yield over two years revealed that the effect of cultivation date، genotype and their interaction was significant at 1% probability level. Comparison of the two cultivation dates demonstrated the yield rates of 3642. 1 and 2530. 3 kg/ha for spring and summer cultivation، respectively. Zan and Linford varieties with yield rates of 4276 and 4105 kg/ha respectively over the spring cultivation and the cultivar of BP and L17 with yield rates of 2974 and 2920 kg/ha respectively over the summer cultivation had the highest yield among all cultivars.

Optimum leaf area index (LAI) is necessary to decrease in soil surface evaporation، to intercept maximum radiation and to increase in dry matter production and seed yield. In order to study the development of leaf area in canola (B. napus) and its relationship with seed yield، this experiment was conducted at agricultural research station of Gonbad during 2005-7. The experiment was a RCBD arranged in a split-plot in two conditions، i. e. supplemental irrigation and rain-fed. Five sowing dates (SD) (Nov. 6، Dec. 6، Jan. 4، Feb. 5 and Mar. 5) assigned as main plots and two cultivars (Hyola 401 and RGS003) as subplots. In all treatments، the number of leaves on main stem and LAI increased till the beginning of seed filling، and then decreased considerably due to sever shedding of leaves. LAI at the beginning of seed filling stage، varied from 6. 1 in Nov. 6 to 3. 1 at Mar. 5 SDs in supplemental irrigation conditions، and from 5. 2 on Nov. 6 to 2. 4 at Mar. 5 SDs in rain-fed conditions. The better early growth of Hyola401 compared to RGS003 cultivar caused that، in each year and conditions، LAI of Hyola401 was significantly more than RGS003 at the beginning of stem elongation and budding. The strong relationships between the number of leaves on main stem and LAI at different growth stages and seed yield، showed the positive effects of these traits on seed yield.

Management of organic fertilizers in terms of environmental impact and crop yield is important، especially in arid and semiarid regions. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of drought stress and organic fertilizer on some morphological and yield components of safflower. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randumaized complet block design with three drought stresses: irrigation at 35، 55 and 75% of ready available water (RAW) depletion comprising the main-plot، and four fertilization systems: non-application (control)، application of 40 tons of compost ha-1، humic acid spraying (1. 5 g per litr) and combining compost and humic acid as sub-plot that were applied with three replications. The experiment was conducted in 2013 at the Zabol University research farm in Zabol، south Iran. Drought stress reduced oil yield، chlorophyll fluorescence and membrane stability. Delays in irrigation by 75% RAW depletion reduced oil yield by 68. 6% compared with the control. Organic fertilizer application increased oil content and oil yield، membrane stability، carbohydrates، peroxidase، catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activiteis. Integrated application of compost and humic acid increased oil yield by 99. 7% over the control. Application of humic acid and compost can be combined to develop safflower cultivation in Sistan، especially in mild stress conditions.

In order to evaluate the foliar application of zinc sulfate and salicylic acid effects on morphology and yield of safflower Carthamus tinctorius L. (cv. sofeh) under drought stress in Yasouj، a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted Yasouj University in 2012. The factors consist of three levels of drought stress، watering at 3 levels of consumption 10%، 30% and 60% of available water، respectively، as the levels of stress، mild stress and severe stress and foliar application in 5 levels، including control، salicylic acid (0. 5، 1 and 1. 5 Mm) and zinc sulfate (3 g l-1)، respectively. The results showed that drought and foliar application interaction for number of heads، the number of fertile seeds per head، seed weight and yield were significant and other traits were non-significant. Drought stress reduced، but foliar application of zinc and salicylic acid increased the grain yield. The highest grain yield per plant at 30% and 60% moisture content were achieved by 0. 5 Mm salicylic acid foliar applications. The highest grain yield in plant at 10% (FC) water availability was shown by zinc sulfate the foliar application. At all drought stress levels، the highest grain weight obtained by zinc sulfate foliar application and the highest fertile head number in 10 and 60 percent of water availability related the foliar applied concentration of 1Mm salicylic acid. The highest number of grains per head in 60% water availability belonged to 1. 5Mm salicylic acid foliar applications.

In order to study the effect of limited-irrigation stress on canola cultivars، an experiment was conducted in 2007-2008 at the Safiabad agricultural research center. The design was a split plot in a completely randomized block basis with three replications. Main plots were consisted of 4 levels of limited-irrigation، irrigation based on 60 mm cumulative evaporation (Control)، withholding irrigation in flowering stage، withholding irrigation in pod initiation and irrigation withholding in grain filling period، and subplots were 5 canola cultivars (Hyola308، Hyola330، Hyola401، Hyola420 and RGS003). The mean comparison of interaction showed that the highest (3155. 55 kg. ha-1) grain yield appointed to Hyola420 cultivar in optimum irrigation (control treatment)، and the lowest (1491. 66 kg. ha-1) belonged to RGS003 cultivar at withholding irrigation in pod initiation period. The maximum (161. 42) number of pods observed on Hyola330 cultivar at optimum irrigation (irrigation after 60 mm cumulative evaporation)، and the minimum (78. 1) ones appointed to RGS003 cultivar at withholding irrigation in pod initiation period. Results showed that there was no significant difference among withholding irrigation، cultivars and the interaction effect of them for oil content. By considering the results of this experiment، withholding irrigation at flowering، pod initiation and grain filling periods leads to decrease grain yield by 24. 72%، 14. 33% and 11%، respectively. Reduction of grain yield due to the withholding irrigation during flowering، podding and grain filling stages was along with a decrease in the number of pods per plant and thousand seed weight. By considering the results of experiment، withholding irrigation in flowering stage has to be avoided.

Sesame is an important and useful oil crop. This study was conducted to evaluate of the effects of nitrogen and biological fertilizer on sesame crop as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the research farm of the university of Zabol. Experimental factors were nitrogen (N) fertilizer at four levels (0، 160، 240 and 320 kg ha-1 N as urea) and nitroxin at two levels (inoculated and non-inoculated). Nitroxin application significantly increased plant height، number of lateral branches، 1000-seed weight، number of seeds per capsule، number of capsules per plant، seed yield، oil yield، and protein content. When 240 kg ha-1 of urea was applied، number of lateral branches، 1000-seed weight، number of seeds per capsule، number of capsules per plant، and protein content increased by 50، 12، 18، 45 and 11%، respectively. The interaction of treatments revealed that inoculation of seeds with nitroxin along with 75% recommended N application increases plant height، seed and oil yield، respectively، by 28، 58 and 56% compared with non-inoculated seed and non N fertilizer application. generalley the results indicated that besides improving of growth condition، seed inoculation with nitroxin can be usefull in reduction of the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizers.

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen and water stress on allelopathic potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) on the seed germination traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)، a factorial experiment was carried out in randomized complete design (CRD) with three replications in the greenhouse and laboratory، College of Agriculture، Shiraz University، Shiraz، Iran in 2012-13. Treatments included irrigation [Normal (I1) and water stress (I2)] and nitrogen [control (no nitrogen)، Urea (200 kg N ha-1)، Nitroxin (Azotobacter) and Nitrokara (Azospirillum and Azotobacter) inoculation per kg seeds]. Extracts were prepared from sorghum shoot resiude in 5، 10، 15 and 20 (W/V) and were applied to individual Petri dishes; distilled water was used as control treatment. Also، foliar applications of extracts were applied in treatments under the greenhouse conditions and sorghum dried residues were also mixed with the soil in amounts of 0، 5، 10، 15، and 20 g after the first irrigation. Analysis of variance showed that interaction effects of sorghum extract type and its concentration had significant effects on all traits except relative water content. Safflower germination percentage reduced with increase in concentration. 5، 10 and 15% concentrations of Nitrokara under normal irrigation had 34، 22 and 12%، effects on allelopathy index of safflower respectively. Whereas concentration of 20% extract، decreased allelopathy index by 71%. The effects antagonist on length and dry weights of roots and shoots was observed when biofertilizer treatments (Nitroxin and Nitrokara) applied. In addition، more synergist effects were obtained when urea extract was appliedt under water stress. The results of foliar application revealed a decrease in CAT and POD activities in leaves of safflower when urea was usedunder water stress conditions. However، the lowest germination rate and primary growth of safflower was abserved when urea applied under water stress conditions.